楼上的回答是正确的,不过可能要解释多一些提问者才能更明白。
如果是定语从句的话,从句也是句子,也需要有主、谓、宾的一般基本成份(尤其是主谓不能少)
而这里假定是定语从句的话,则that/which指难题,显然这个成分在后面假定的定语从句中应该是宾语的成份。再来看剩下的成份:they themselves,是主语,couldn't只是情态动词,不能直接做谓语,因此这里少了做谓语的成份。(需注意,由于这里没有所谓的并列的概念(从句不能视作主句的并列),所以也不存在省略谓语的情况。因此如果这句真要成为定语从句的话,一定要在从句里补上一个动词作谓语,如:
.... problem that they themselves couldn't solve.
因为这个谓语动词的缺失,所以上句并不是定语从句,因此不能填that/which, 而填上while的话就是将a four-year old boy should .... while they couldn't 构成并列句,突出两个句子的反差或对比,后面的句子其实写全的话是while they themselves couldn't work out this difficult problem. 后面的成份对前面一句因为重复,所以略去不写。
the way 做先行词,定语从句的引导词只有以下三种:
way 后面跟定语从句有三种形式。
(1) way + in which + 定语从句
例如:
She was pleased with the way (in which )he had accepted her criticism.
(2) way + that +定语从句
例如:
They didn’t do it in the way( that )we do now.
(3) way + 定语从句 , 省略引导词
例如:
He didn’t speak the way (不填)I do.
不存在the way which的用法。