陶渊明《五柳先生传》中的五柳先生具有哪些特点?这些特点有何意义?
推荐回答(2个)
《五柳先生传》是作者托言为五柳先生写的传记,实为自传,沈约《宋书·隐逸传》和萧统的《陶渊明传》都认为是“实录”。从传中写五柳先生的志趣爱好及思想性格等来看,与陶渊明其他诗文中表现的性格相同,自传说是可信的。文章从思想性格、爱好、生活状况等方面塑造了一位独立于世俗之外的隐士形象,赞美了他安贫乐道的精神。文章在讲述了“五柳先生”这个名号的来历之后,便以一句“闲静少言,不慕荣利”点出了五柳先生的隐者心境。接着作者便开始讲述自己在隐居生活中的乐趣:“好读书,不求甚解”展现了一个在读书中得到精神愉悦的五柳先生;“性嗜酒”“期在必醉”展示了一个率真放达的五柳先生;“环堵萧然”“晏如也”,描绘了一个安贫乐道的五柳先生;“常著文章自娱”“忘怀得失”描述了一个自得其乐、淡泊名利的五柳先生。这种种叙述,把一个虽处于贫困之中却悠闲自适的隐士形象活灵活现地刻画了出来。文末的赞中称五柳先生好像是上古的无怀氏、葛天氏之民,是对他高洁人格的再度赞扬。《五柳先生传》在写作上的最大特点是多用否定句,正如钱钟书所说:“‘不’字为一篇眼目。”“先生不知何许人也,亦不详其姓氏”。钱先生说:“岂作自传而并不晓己之姓名籍贯哉?正激于世之卖声名、夸门第者而破除之尔。”下文的“不慕荣利”“不求甚解”“家贫不能常得”“曾不吝情去留”“不蔽风日”“不戚戚于贫贱,不汲汲于富贵”等,王夫之《思问录》评论说:“言无者,激于言有者而破除之也。”正是因为世人有种种追名逐利、矫糅造作之事,作者言“不”,正突出了自己与世俗的格格不入,突出了他对高洁志趣和人格的坚持,不仅让读者对他的与众不同击节叹赏,也使文章笔墨精粹而笔调诙谐,读来生动活泼,引人入胜。
陶渊明《五柳先生传》
先生不知何许人也,亦不详其姓字。宅边有五柳树,因以为号焉。闲静少言,不慕荣利。好读书,不求甚解;每有会意,便欣然忘食。性嗜酒,家贫,不能常得。亲旧知其如此,或置酒而招之。造饮辄尽,期在必醉。既醉而退,曾不吝情去留。环堵萧然,不蔽风日。短褐穿结,箪瓢屡空,晏如也。常著文章自娱,颇示己志。忘怀得失,以此自终。
赞曰:黔娄有言,“不戚戚于贫贱,不汲汲于富贵”,味其言,兹若人之俦乎?衔觞赋诗,以乐其志,无怀氏之民欤?葛天氏之民欤?
陶渊明《五柳先生传》【译文】
先生不知道是什么地方人,也不清楚他的姓和字。住宅旁边有五棵柳树,于是用“五柳”为号。性格闲适沉静且少言寡语,不羡慕荣华利禄。喜欢读书,不过分在字句的研究上下功夫;每次对精神旨趣有所领会,便高兴得忘了吃饭。性格酷爱喝酒,家境贫穷,不能常得到。亲戚朋友知道他有这种嗜好,有时摆了酒席来招呼他;他去喝酒就喝个尽兴,而且一定会喝醉。喝醉了便回家,一点也不留恋什么。房屋四壁空荡荡的,挡不住风雨也遮不住太阳。粗布短衣破破烂烂,打有补丁,盛饭食的圆形竹器、水瓢经常是空如也,可是先生都坦然处之,安然自若的样子。经常写文章使自己欢乐,稍稍表达出自己的志趣。他从不把得失的东西放在心上,用这种超然世外的态度来度过自己的一生。
赞道:黔娄的妻子曾经这样评价她的丈夫:“对贫贱不悲伤忧愁,对富贵不渴望追求”,体味一下这两句话,五柳先生就是黔娄这一类人吧!饮酒赋诗,使自己的情志得到欢乐。。他大概是无怀氏时候的百姓,或者是上古葛天氏时候的百姓吧?
五柳先生“闲静少言”,但读书时“每有会意,便欣然忘食”,这说明他内心并非一潭死水,而是有波澜的。内心的波澜没有表现出来,却找到了一个使波澜平静的方法,这就是嗜酒。“嗜”字说明不是一般的小饮,而是“期在必醉”。尽管“家贫”,也没有改变这一嗜好,就因为在醉乡中可以使心灵的波澜得到平静。这是他在那种环境里使自己得到解脱的一种方法。
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