推荐回答(2个)
肩关节的运动时各关节间的协调运动,肩肱关节运动时肩胸连接处随之运动,此协调运动称为肩肱节律性,肩关节外展至30°或前屈至60°,肩胛骨是不旋转的,称为静止期,在此以后肩胛骨开始旋转,每外展15°肩关节转10°肩胛骨转5°,两者比例为2:1,当外展至90°以上时,每外展15°肩关节转5°肩胛骨转10°,两者比例为1:2.肩关节的活动范围在正常情况下为:前屈上举150°-170°、后伸40°-45°、外展上举160°-180°、内收20°-40°、水平位外旋60°-80°(或贴壁45°)、水平位内旋70°-90°(或贴壁70°)、水平屈曲135°、水平伸展30°,加之肩关节的活动是以胸锁关节为支点,以锁骨为杠杆,因此肩关节的活动范围又可因“肩胸关节”的活动而增加。肩关节的这些特点就决定了肩部易发生如上所述的疾患。参与肩关节运动的肌肉主要为肩部肌肉,而且肩关节运动需在上臂肌肉协助下共同进行。肩关节的运动必须具备两个条件,其一是要有良好的肩胛部肌肉使肩部保持相当的稳定,其二是肱骨头和关节盂之间须保持密切相接(这主要是由肩袖来完成)。因此,参与肩关节运动的骨骼肌并不单纯地只供给关节动力,在稳定肩关节方面也起很大的作用。肩关节属于球窝关节,能作多轴性灵活运动,同下肢髋关节比较,肩关节的运动幅度较大,但稳固性差。肩关节可以完成七种动作:屈、伸、外展、内收、外旋、内旋、环转。(一)屈:从肩关节冠状轴前方跨过的肌肉具有屈肩关节的作用。重要的肌肉有喙肱肌、三角肌前部纤维、胸大肌锁骨部和肱二头肌短头。前屈的运动范围约70°。(二)伸:从肩关节冠状轴后方跨过的肌肉具有伸的作用。主要的肌肉有背阔肌、三角肌后部纤维和肱三头肌长头。后伸时,由于受到关节囊前臂及肱骨头与喙突相接触的限制,故运动范围小于屈的范围,约为60°。(三)内收:从贯肱骨头的矢状轴下方跨过的肌肉能使肩关节内收,主要的肌肉有胸大肌、背阔肌和肩胛下肌。内收时,由于肱骨头滑向关节窝的上方而受到躯干的阻碍,其运动范围很小,约为20°。(四)外展:从矢状轴上方跨过的肌肉,可使肩关节外展,主要的外展肌有三角肌(中部纤维)和冈上肌,当肩关节旋外时,肱二头肌长头也参与外展。肩关节外展时肱骨头滑向关节窝的下方,所以运动范围较大,约90°。(五)旋内:沿贯穿于肱骨头中心与肱骨小头中心之间的垂直轴,上臂可作旋内和旋外运动。凡由内(起点)向外(止点)从垂直轴前方跨过的肌肉具有旋内作用。旋内的肌肉有背阔肌、胸大肌、肩胛下肌和三角肌前部纤维。旋内时,肱骨头在关节盂内向后滑动,肱骨大结节和肱骨体向前方转动。(六)旋外:从垂直轴后方跨过的肌肉有旋外作用。旋外的肌肉有冈下肌和小圆肌。旋外时,肱骨头在关节盂内向前滑动,肱骨大结节和肱骨体向后方转动。当上肢垂直时,旋转运动的范围最大,可达120°。(七)环转:三角肌(三个束)、胸大肌、斜方肌、菱形肌、前锯肌、背阔肌、大圆肌、小圆肌。
肩关节是典型的球窝关节,能绕三个基本运动轴运动,
绕额状轴可做屈伸运动
绕矢状轴可作外展、内收运动
绕身垂直轴可做内旋外旋运动
此外尚可做水平屈伸和环转运动。
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