影响果树嫁接成活的因素有哪些

2025-04-06 07:05:01
推荐回答(2个)
回答1:

影响嫁接成活的因素有以下4个方面:

1、亲和カ。接穗、砧朩两者亲和カ强弱是影响嫁接成功与否的首要因素。亲和カ是指砧穗两者在内部组织结构上、生理生化上,彼此相同或接近,从而能相互结合在-起的能カ。-般说来,砧朩与接穗的亲缘关系越近,亲和カ就越强,嫁接就容易成活。花卉植物同种间亲和カ较强,例如不同品种间的月季嫁接,很容易成活。同科异属间亲和カ较弱,但是也有个别例外的,比如黑松嫁接五针松,就是同属异中间嫁接成功的实例。

2、砧朩与接穗的物侯期及生命活カ,砧朩的物侯期稍早于接穗,有利于成活。因为嫁接后,接穗维持其生命活动,愈合组织所需要的水分、养分都要依靠砧朩补充,若接穗先发芽,砧朩不能及时供给其水分、养分、接穗就容易枯死。与此同时,砧朩以选抗性强、生长健壮的ニ年生的为宜。如果砧朩年龄过老,则生命活カ弱,就会影响嫁接成活。接穗以选择品质优良、发育充实、节间短、叶芽饱满的-年生成熟枝为好,若选用ニ年生以上的枝条则成活率低。

3、环境条件。环境条件对嫁接成活的影响,主要表现在对愈合组织的形成和发育速度上。凡是影响愈合组织形成的环境因素都会影响嫁接的成活。适宜的湿度及湿度是形成愈合组织的必需条件。温度太低或太高,都不利细胞分裂与愈合组织的形成。-般花卉的适宜温度为20~25度,湿度也是形成愈合组织所需的条件,若基质干燥,空气湿度太低,也很难形成愈合组织,因而嫁接成活率就低了,基质湿度过大,或雨水过多,伤□容易腐烂。但空气湿度越接近饱和,对伤□愈合越有利。光照条件也是形成愈合组织不可少的条件,在黑暗的条件下能促进愈合组织生长,但绿枝嫁接,适度的光照则能促进同化产物的生成,有利加速伤□愈合。

4、嫁接技术。嫁接技术是否娴熟,也是嫁接成功与否的-个重要因素,其中嫁接面的切削平滑与否和接穗月砧朩两者的形成层是否对准是尤为关键。只有形成层对齐,相互密接,オ能产生愈合组织,使细胞形成胞间连丝,把两者的原生质相互联系起来,形成-株性的植株。此外,嫁接后的管理等,都会影响嫁接的成活。

回答2:

(1)亲和力大小。砧木和接穗的亲和力(即亲缘关系接近)越大,嫁接越容易成活。这种嫁接苗适应能力强,寿命延长或提早开花,如嫁接梅花,南方多用毛桃作砧木,北方多用山桃作砧木。

(2)嫁接时间。不同嫁接法和不同地区的嫁接时间均不同,掌握本地嫁接繁殖的最佳时间,是提高成活率的保证。

(3)砧木与接穗的物候期。一般砧木的物候期稍早于接穗有利于成活。若接穗先活动,此时砧木不能及时供应其水分和养分时,接穗即枯萎死亡,嫁接即失败。

(4)形成层对准密接。嫁接时砧木与接穗的形成层务必对准,并要相互密接,才能使之产生愈合组织,然后生根发芽。因此,嫁接时最好先削砧木后削接穗(缩短水分蒸发时间),切口一定要平滑;两者的形成层要对准,接合部要密接,绑扎要紧,防止中间出现空隙,影响成活。

(5)温、湿度要适宜。一般花木嫁接的适温为25℃左右。温度过高或太低,均不利细胞分裂和愈合组织的形成。嫁接后浇水过多,湿度过大,易引起伤口腐烂;干旱缺水,空气湿度太低则成活率不高。

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