鼓式车轮制动器根据在制动过程中两制动蹄产生制动力矩的不同可分为6种形式？
推荐回答（1个）
(1) 领从蹄式制动器(leading trailing shoe brake)
领从蹄式制动器的结构如图3所示。制动底板5 固定在后桥壳或前桥转向节凸缘上，在制动底板的下部装有两个偏心的调整螺钉1，两个制动蹄11、12 的下端有孔，套装在偏心调整螺钉上，并用锁止螺母3锁止。制动底板的中部装有两制动蹄托架4，以限制制动蹄的轴向位置。制动蹄上端用回位弹簧10 拉靠在制动轮缸9 的顶块上。制动蹄的外圆面上，用埋头螺钉铆接着摩擦衬片8。作为制动蹄促动装置的制动轮缸也用螺钉固装在制动底板上。制动鼓固装在车轮轮毂的凸缘上，随车轮一起转动。
领从蹄式制动器制动效能比较稳定，结构简单可靠，便于安装，广泛用作货车的前、后轮制动器和轿车的后轮制动器。
(2) 双领蹄式制动器(two leading shoe brake)
在制动鼓正向旋转时，双领蹄式制动器的两制动蹄均为领蹄的制动器称为双领蹄制动器。如图4所示。
两制动蹄各用一个单活塞式制动轮缸 2 促动，且两套制动蹄、制动轮缸、支承销和调整凸轮等在制动底板上的布置是中心对称的，以代替领从蹄式制动器中的轴对称布置。等直径的两个制动轮缸可借油管连通，使其中油压相等。这样，在汽车前进时，两制动蹄均为领蹄；但在倒车时，两制动蹄均变为从蹄。由此可见，这种双领蹄式制动器具有单向作用，在前进时制动效能好，倒车时制动效能大大下降，且不便安装驻车制动器，故一般不用作后轮制动器；但两制动蹄片受力相同，磨损均匀，且制动蹄片作用于制动鼓的力量是平衡的，即单向作用双领蹄制动器属于平衡式制动器。
如果能使单向作用双领蹄制动器的两制动蹄的支承销和促动力作用点位置互换，那么在倒车制动时就可以得到与前进制动时相同的制动效果。双向作用双领蹄制动器(dual two leadingshoe brake)的设计就是基于此设想，该类制动器的制动蹄在制动鼓正、反向旋转时均为领蹄，如图5所示。
若将装有双领蹄制动器的汽车左、右两侧车轮制动器对调安装，便成为在制动鼓正向旋转时两制动蹄均为从蹄的双从蹄式制动器(two trailing shoe brake)。显然，双从蹄式制动器前进时制动效能低于领从蹄式制动器和双领蹄式制动器，但其制动效能对摩擦因数变化的敏感程度较小，即具有良好的制动效能稳定性，只在少数保证制动可靠性的高级轿车上采用。
(3) 自增力式制动器(servo brake)
自增力式制动器可分为单向自增力式(uni-servobrake)和双向自增力式(duo-servo brake)两种，在结构上只是制动轮缸中的活塞数目不同而已。单向自增力制动器只在汽车前进时起自增力作用，使用单活塞制动轮缸；双向自增力制动器在汽车前进或倒车制动时都能起自增力作用，使用双活塞制动轮缸。
自增力式制动器的增力原理是，利用可调顶杆体浮动铰接的制动蹄来代替固定的偏心销式制动蹄，利用前蹄的助势推动后蹄，使总的摩擦力矩得以增大，起到自动增力的作用。如图6所示为单向自增力制动器。第一制动蹄1和第二制动蹄6 的上端被各自的制动蹄回位弹簧2 拉拢，并以铆于腹板上端两侧的夹板3 的内凹弧面支靠着支承销4。两制动蹄下端以凹入的平面分别浮动支承在可调顶杆体两端的直槽底面上，并用拉紧弹簧8拉紧。
如图 7所示为双向自增力制动器。制动蹄的上端两侧铆有夹板4，用前后蹄回位弹簧6 和3 将夹板拉靠在支承销上，两制动蹄的下端由拉紧弹簧9 拉靠在可调顶杆体8 两端直槽的底平面上。可调顶杆体是浮动的。
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