推荐回答(1个)
在众多喜爱一级方程式赛车运动的人群中,有相当一部分人痴迷于赛车背后的高技术。的确,无论是赛车和赛道,它们都称得上是高技术的结晶。
近距离目睹过F1赛车的人不仅会赞叹其优美的外表,而且会惊奇地发现它并不是什么庞然大物。赛车最宽处不超过1.8米,长约4.5米,高约1米。此外,若不是规定比赛的重量(包括燃料 和车手)必须在600公斤以上,它会比现在还要轻。与我们普通家用轿车相比,虽然F1赛车长和宽相差无几,但显然要矮得多,同时也要轻得多。然而,F1赛车同普通轿车甚至跑车的差别远不止这些,它还有众多为人鲜知的独特之处。
众所周知,F1赛车动力强劲。这强大的动力来自安装在车手身后、隐藏在流线型车体内的发动机。F1赛车发动机的功率在800马力以上。相比之下,普通家用轿车发动机的推力为100马力左右。由于功率大加上车重量轻,F1赛车具有相当高的功率推力与重量比(比功率)。高值比功率和其他先进的汽车技术相结合使得F1赛车在赛道上表现非凡:时速从0到160公里仅需3秒钟;最高时速超过360公里。
你也许会说,F1的成绩同数年前英国SSR汽车在美国黑岩沙漠上创造的超音速相比,只不过是小巫见大巫。这话固然不假,但是,要知道SSR动用的是两台喷气式航空发动机,而F1采用的只能是国际汽联(FIA)规定的V10(10汽缸,V型排列)自进气式4冲程燃油发动机,且汽缸总容量(工作容积)小于3升。
考虑到安全因素,FIA禁止车队使用机械增压和涡轮增压技术并对汽缸容量采取了限制措施,但是从过去近10年的发展中,人们发现规定并没有束缚工程技术人员的创新,赛车发动机在外形尺寸更紧凑、重量更轻的同时,功率却在逐渐提高。2001年法拉利赛车F2001采用的050型发动机的长589毫米、宽530毫米、高353毫米,重量仅97公斤,最大功率超过800马力;去年宝马公司为合作伙伴威廉姆斯车队赛车提供的发动机的最大功率尽然达到了900马力。对此有人提出今后应进一步降低汽缸容量。
F1发动机体积小推力大的奥秘在于它能以每分钟18000转甚至更高的速度运转,这比普通轿车发动机的转速高出两倍,当然高速运转也意味着在单位时间内多做功。虽然在实际情况下,发动机产生的功率同转速不能达到理论上的线性增长关系,但是F1发动机那800多马力的输出功率已让普通发动机望尘莫及。为了实现高速运转,F1发动机采用汽缸直径(缸径)大、活塞运动行程(冲程)短的构造。上面提到的法拉利050发动机中,汽缸直径和冲程长度分别约为96毫米和41.4毫米。各车队的发动机除缸径和冲程尺寸不同外,另外最大的差别就是汽缸的夹角,变化范围为70至111度。
F1发动机所用材料的95%为金属铝和钢(它们用量比约为2:1),剩余5%为钛、镁和碳纤维等。无论哪种材料,它们对必须经受得住高温的考验。比赛时,发动机内表面的温度超过300摄氏度,机油和冷却水的温度也达115至120摄氏度;进站停下来加油和换胎时,机油和冷却水的温度会立刻上升到140摄氏度。此外,为F1发动机功率大,但也相当费油,是典型的“油耗子”,每升油大约能跑1.5公里。比较而言,普通轿车每升油可跑10公里。
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