推荐回答(3个)
不可以等效替代画弯矩剪力图,可以等效计算弯矩、剪力最大值。
常规结构都是由杆件所构成的,在侧向力作用下,受弯与受剪破坏是最为常见的。因此弯矩以及剪力是杆件破坏的主要因素。
掌握弯矩与剪力以及弯矩图与剪力图成为建筑力学的重要基础之一。
剪力图与弯矩图的绘制方法如下:
根据载荷及约束力的作用位置,确定控制面;应用截面法确定控制面上的剪力和弯矩数值;建立Q-x和M-x坐标系,并将控制面上的剪力和弯矩值标在相应的坐标系中;应用平衡微分方程确定各段控制面之间的剪力图和弯矩图的形状,进而画出剪力图与弯矩图。
在绘制弯矩图与剪力图过程中,应注意以下几个问题:
首先,确定弯矩和剪力时,应用截面法,用假想截面从所考察的截面处将梁截开,截面处所作用的外力不能当作截面上的弯矩和剪力。
其次,截开以后用平衡条件方程来计算该截面上的弯矩和剪力。
要注意弯矩和剪力的正负号,正负号不仅关系到所绘制的弯矩图和剪力图能否正确,而且对强度和刚度计算都有很大的影响。为了避免发生正负号的错误,要特别注意以下几点:
a.因为弯矩和剪力的正负号是根据它们所引起的变形效果规定的,所以不仅要根据它们的作用方向,而且要考虑它们的作用面,然后根据符号规则确定它们的正负。
b.对于简单问题,可以直接判断截面上弯矩和剪力的实际方向时,可根据它们的实际方向以及前述符号规则确定它们的正负。
c.对于比较复杂问题,当不能判断截面上弯矩和剪力的实际方向时,则应先根据前述符号规则假设截面上的弯矩和剪力为正方向,然后由平衡条件计算截面上的弯矩和剪力,若结果为正,则说明假设的正方向是正确的,即弯矩、剪力均为正;若结果为负,则说明弯炬与剪力的实际方向相反,即为负。这样,由平衡方程所得到的弯矩和剪力的正负号与它们的实际情况是一致的。
此外伸梁上面是梯形分布的荷载,能否简化为平均值的均布荷载,一要看什么用途构件和要求的精度;二要看计算哪一个截面的什么效应,这是结构师职权内的运用。
例如计算右支座截面的弯矩效应及剪力效应时,就可以用悬挑段部分的分布荷载化为平均的均布荷载来算,这对支座截面的剪力效应是一样,对支座截面的弯矩效应稍稍偏安全。而对左支座的剪力效应就不可化为全梁平均的均布荷载算。以上说的是简化计算,不是等效替代。
题说的等效替代,所谓‘等效替代’的定义是最不利截面的指定效应相等前提的替代,当然是容许的方法。以上是实际工作运用中,而课程作业就必须按题计算画制图形。
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