讲一讲英语中的虚拟语气（用法详细一点）

一、概念

中文译作"虚拟语气"。它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。

二、语法结构
1.if结构（非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况）

与..事实相反 If从句 主句
过去 Had done Would* have done
现在 Were/did Would* do
将来 Should do/were/were to do Would* do

例句：If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [过去]
If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [现在]
If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [将来]

备注：
（1）上表中’*’，would都可转换为should、could、might。
（2) 如果为时间错综句的话，左右两栏可互相搭配，排列组合。
例句：
He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug.
[与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反]

(3) if可转换为其他形式
例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [过去]
（=>可转换为：If there hadn’t been your advice, we …）
Your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [将来]
(=> 可转换为：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.)
I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去]
(=> 可转换为：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..)

2、wish结构

与..事实相反
过去 Had done
现在 Were/did
将来 Would

备注：可转换为其他形式。
例句：He talks as if (好像) he had done all the work himself. [过去]
I wish I were a bird.
I wish he handn' done that.
I wish I would be rich in the future.
3、should结构
从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等。
例句：The teacher suggest he (should) read English aloud.

注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明，显示”时，不用虚拟语气。

例句：The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.

He insisted that he was honest.

4、would rather ＋从句
在这种结构中，从句的谓语动词用过去形式表示虚拟。

例句：I would rather you did this instead of me.

5、主语从句中的虚拟语气

1）It be + 形容词 + that ．．．（should）．．．

用于该句型的形容词是：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny,
strange, surprising ．

一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中。如：a pity， no wonder．．．．

2）It be + 过去分词 + that ．．．（should）．．．．

用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如：desired， suggested， requested，
ordered， proposed等。

3）It is time（about time， high time）that ．．．（过去式动词形式或should＋动词原形）．．．．

It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now.

6、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同
位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用：should＋原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省
略。

例：My suggestion is that we should go there at once.

What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?

三、使用范围及判断
1、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。

2、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断

判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。

判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。

3、“后退一步法”

后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非 真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是：

1）与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。

2）与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。

3）与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。

主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。

例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.

If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.

If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.

四、注意事项

1.if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。

2、在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。

3、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。注意：与哪个事实相反，不能以主句的时态为判断依据，而是根据从句的意义判断。

楼主，你好
1). 主语从句,同位语从句中虚拟语气的用法.

2). 宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法,尤其是wish 虚拟语气结构的用法.

3). If条件句中虚拟语气的用法,应特别注意省略if的倒装结构是考试的重点.

4). would rather 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.

5). if only结构中虚拟语气的用法.

6). But, or, otherwise 等含蓄条件句的用法.

7). It’s time (that) 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.

1. 虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用

(1)虚拟语气现在时. 用以表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况.

条件从句
主句

动词过去式(be多用were)
Would/should/could/might + 动词原形

Eg. If I were a bird, I would fly to you.

If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position.

(2) 虚拟语气过去式. 表示与过去事实完全相反的假设.

条件从句
主句

had + 过去分词
would/should/could/might + have +过去分词

Eg. If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.

If she hadn’t been ill, she might have come.

(3)虚拟语气将来式. 表与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情况.

条件从句
主句

动词过去式或should +动词原形或were to +动词原形
would/should/could/might +动词原形

Eg. If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions.

If there should be no air, there would be no living things.

◆ 书面语中,上述(1),(2),(3)三种时态的虚拟句中,如果从句里含有should, had, were或其他助动词,则可将从属连词if省去,将助动词.情态动词.be或have放在句首形成部分倒装.

Eg. Were he in your position, he’d have done the same.

Had I had time, I would have done that yesterday.

Should he come tomorrow, I should give him the dictionary.

(1) 错综时间虚拟句

通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式. P 116, 2

Eg. If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)

If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在).

(2) 含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示.

Eg. But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully.

The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.

I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.

(3) 虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用.

A) 在wish, suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, recommend, require, decide, insist, desire, urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +动词原形” 来表示愿望,建议, 命令,要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词suggestion, proposal, plan, motion, recommendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision , obligatory 义不容辞的, 必须的 等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式.

Eg.

B) 在It is/was + 某些形容词 + that 从句的句型中,that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,即 “should + 动词原形”

这些形容词有:

important, necessary, essential, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, recommended, ordered, proposed, decided, moved等.

“ should + 动词原形(或完成形式)” 可表示惊奇,遗憾,怀疑,不满等.

ⅰ. 用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中.

Eg. I never expected that the new apartment should be so small.

ⅱ. 用于 “It is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder 等 + that” 等结构后的主语从句中.

Eg. It is a pity that he should be so careless.

C) 在由for fear that, in case, lest 等引导的状语从句中,用 “ should + 动词原形” 表示 “惟恐”的意思.

Eg. He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.

D) 在 “ It is (about/ high ) time + that (从句)” 中,谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气.

Eg. It is high time that people learnt English.

E) 在 “as if/ as though” 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词与wish的宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.

Eg. He works with such enthusiasm as if he never knew fatigue.

He speaks English as though he were an American.

F) 在 look, seem等动词后的 “as if / as though”从句中,当表示真实情况时,用陈述语气; 否则,用虚拟语气.

Eg. It seems as if they know each other. (真实情况)

It seems as though it were already spring. (虚拟语气)

G) 用在if only 引起的感叹句中.

Eg. If only the driver didn’t drive so fast!

望采纳！