推荐回答(1个)
在新型农用生长素、作物的营养与代谢、栽培技术及养殖技术的改进、农业生态学、土壤改良、生物固氮、防治病虫害等方面已发挥了积极作用。
①微肥和微施。已知农作物从耕作土壤中摄取植物生长、开花、结子所必须的微量元素,由此导致土壤中生物所需微量元素的匮乏。另一方面,由于大量施用化肥,元素的拮抗效应也导致微量元素有效含量亏损,其后果是农作物产量下降或其品质恶化。迄今已发现有Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Co、Se、Cr、Mo、V、Ti等微量元素在植物代谢过程中具有重要的生理作用,能增加植物体内叶绿素的含量,提高光合作用效率和促进光合产物的运转,有利于增加作物的结实率和干物重。在这类研究中,已广泛应用中子活化分析技术、质子激发X荧光分析技术、同位素示踪技术等,提供了大量关于农作物生长环境的微量元素背景值、微量元素在作物中的分布、吸收、蓄积、迁移等新陈代谢规律,以及分子生物学水平上微量元素的生物效应等科学信息。
②光合作用与生物固氮机理的研究。利用14C和15N同位素示踪技术揭示农业科学中这两种最重要的基本作用的机理。光合作用是生物体内实现物质及能量转化的机制,而生物固氮作用则是利用微生物固氮酶将空气中的氮直接且高效地转化为植物可利用氮的过程。用同位素示踪技术研究光合作用始于20世纪50年代,并借此项核技术提出了著名的卡尔文循环,以解释光合作用的机理。现已发展到用14C标记的14CO2研究作物各部位的光合强度、环境因素(光谱特征及光入射方向、温度、水分、二氧化碳浓度)对光合作用的影响,以及测定绿色器官的光合强度及其对农作物产量的贡献。此外,还利用同位素示踪研究田间作物光能吸收率和作物生理状态,从而在植物整体和群体水平上揭示作物利用光能的规律,实现农作物的高产优质。在生物固氮方面,可利用15N同位素示踪技术鉴定固氮菌种、测量固氮量、研究固氮规律及其机理。
③植物营养代谢及肥效研究。利用同位素示踪和核分析技术,可揭示营养成分的吸收、运输、分布、再利用等植物生命活动的基本代谢作用,从而改进栽培技术,提高肥料利用率。利用14C同位素示踪技术已发现植物根系能从土壤中吸收二氧化碳,这一发现不仅具有重大的理论价值,而且对有机肥料的施用具有指导意义。利用同位素示踪技术已发现尿素在水田一次全层基施,可提高氮肥利用率10%—20%,而在水稻田施用磷矿粉,肥效很低,利用率只有0.1%—0.2%。同位素示踪试验还证实,有的植物的叶面和根部一样,也能吸收营养成分,这为改进施肥方式提供了科学依据。
④农业生物工程。可用同位素示踪技术标记生物体的各种分子组分,如蛋白质、氨基酸、醣类、酯类、核苷、激素、DNA和RNA等,甚至可标记染色体、细胞、抗体、病毒、噬菌体和微生物等,所以在农业生物工程中有广泛用途。可用于基体的表达、分离、剪切、重组和转运等,培育出具有优良基因的突变体,改造植物品系,发展优良性状,消除劣质因素。借助于同位素示踪技术的基因工程,还用于畜牧业、养殖业、林业等领域。

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