推荐回答(3个)
古人云:“人贵直,文贵曲”。从诗的技法上讲,行文之委曲,就是采用委婉曲折、闪烁迂回的方式,“体情察物,巧吐心曲”,使人再三读之,可悟俯仰用笔之妙。而如果语直文平,意思过露,则绝无沉吟回味之余地,诗的美也就丧失殆尽。清人孙联奎曾在司空图《诗品》之“委曲”条目下小解:“为诗作文,一味平直,岂复有意味乎?”由此观之,“委曲”早与诗法结下了不解之缘了。读新版高中课文第一册的几个诗歌单元,感悟出古诗人们委曲的技法,若分条述之,可归结为三。
言此意彼:即为双关,是委曲生成的一种表现技法。诗文中的双关词句,含有双重意义,一明一暗,言此意彼,“醉翁之意不在酒”,词句的意思是次要的,重要的是暗含的意思,就像打哑谜,用意主要不在手势本身,而在于手势的背后,蓄高乃题外之旨。
用这种手法的诗,几乎俯拾即是。譬如陶渊明的《饮酒》诗句“山气日夕佳,飞鸟相与还”,作者直接告诉我们的是:太阳落山的时候是最美的,飞鸟倦了也知道还家。但没有说出的言外之意是:有些人为什么还要奔波于龌龊的官场之中,不肯接受这美好的归宿,不愿返回这优美而宁静的大自然怀抱呢?虽不曾号召人们对黑暗官场进行激烈反抗,却启示人们蔑视那丑恶污秽的现实,教人们从生活上远离它,从道德上鞭挞它。再比如杜牧的《泊秦淮》里的“商女不知亡国恨,隔江犹唱《后庭花》”,这两句诗,表面上看是谴责歌女不懂亡国之恨,一味沉迷于靡靡之音,但实际上是批判那些掌权的达官贵人,不以国家政事为重,一味地沉醉于歌舞,贪图享乐。像这种言此意彼的诗,课文里还真是不少。李白的《越中览古》、杜甫的《蜀相》、刘禹锡的《石头城》、以及苏轼的《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》、辛弃疾的《永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古》无不是。
正意反说:就是正话反讲,有意颠倒为之,或明褒实贬,或明贬实褒。总之言是意非,闪烁其辞,表里相悖,而注重的是反面的意旨。这也是造成诗歌委曲美的一种表现技法,而且往往比上一种来得更为深沉强烈,更具艺术感染力。
譬如李白的《梦游天姥吟留别》,整首诗表层写的是神仙世界的美丽,深层其实是要反衬现实世界的丑恶;写自己一心想遨游仙境,正是表现对现实世界的憎恶,不跟权贵同流合污,不事权贵的主旨。这个主旨,像一盏聚光灯,把全诗照亮。再如骆耕野的抒情诗《不满》,诗人写的是,对这也“不满”,对那也“不满”,而其要表达的正是满意,是对祖国的真挚的爱。这种反笔真是别具一格,令人耳目一新,十分难忘。
委婉曲折:就是话不直说明言,而是迂回行进,委婉陈情,由一意转出另一意,笔触如丝,含而不露。品诗人须再三味之,方可发微显胜,参透其奥。这也是常见的一种委曲美的表现方法。
譬如,唐代诗人王建的《新嫁娘词》: 三日入橱房,洗手做羹汤。
未谙姑食性,先遣小姑尝。
诗中巧赞新嫁娘的聪颖灵慧,但不直言,而是抓住心灵写她的手巧。新媳妇入门,其“首场演出”——做羹汤能否成功,能否由此而博取婆婆的欢心,在夫家立稳脚获一席之地。从某种意义上说,这将决定着她未来的命运与幸福。我们不能不为这位初来乍到的女主人公捏一把汗。但幸运的是,新媳妇很懂得做婆婆的诀窍——她懂得“知母莫如女”,于是先选准小姑为突破口,从侧面了解到“姑食性”,从而避免了与婆婆的正面冲突;又通过“先遣小姑尝”,而取悦了舌馋嘴尖的小姑子。这就争取了主动,在未来的可能的麻烦纠葛中,她已以二比一对婆婆占得了优势。总而言之,诗文抓住人物的心灵写手巧,结果二者全写了出来,写活了一个聪慧过人的新嫁娘。
诗意之委曲美远不仅于此,究其实乃是诗人王建的夫子自道。表明他初入宦途,对上司、对同僚陪着小心。真是曲说之妙用也,神!
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