烷烃,通式CnH2n+2,如甲烷CH4 烯烃和环烷烃,通式CnH2n,如乙烯C2H4 炔烃,通式CnH2n-2,如丙炔C3H4 醇和醚,通式CnH2n+2O,如乙醇C2H6O 酮和醛,通式CnH2nO,乙醛,C2H4O