英语被动语态定义 结构 对应例句

动词的语态（Voices）
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态
被动语态的构成
被动语态的基本构成形式 主语+助动词be+过去分词

被动语态的时态
被动语态的时态通过助动词be的变化来体现。这个助动词必须与主语的人称和数相一致。现以do为例，将被动语态常用时态列表如下：

一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
现在
am\is\are done
am\is\are being done
has\have been done
过去
was\were done
was\were being done
had been done
将来
shall\will be done

shall\will have been done
过去将来
should\would be done

should\would have been done

各种时态的被动语态
一般现在时的被动语态 e.g. The lights are usually turned on at 6:30.
一般过去时的被动语态 e.g. Our house was built in 1979.
一般将来时的被动语态 e.g. This question will be answered by our headmaster.
过去将来时的被动语态 e.g. I knew the room would be cleaned.
现在进行时的被动语态 e.g. Your bicycle is being repaired now.
过去进行时的被动语态 e.g. The man was being questioned by the police.
现在完成时的被动语态 e.g. My car has been repaired.
过去完成时的被动语态 e.g. I heard she had already been sent to hospital.

带情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be+过去分词
e.g. This must be done as soon as possible.

有些短语动词的被动语态
有些短语动词，如“动词+介词”、“动词+副词”、“动词+名词+介词”，其作用相当于及物动词，也可以由被动语态。在被动语态结构中，介词或副词不可丢掉，且其位置不变。
e.g. My brother’s child is taken care of by my mother.

含有两个宾语的被动语态
在多数情况下，把间接宾语变为主语，而把直接宾语保留下来。 e.g. She was told a long story.

含有复合宾语的被动语态
把宾语变为主语，宾语补足语变为主语补足语 e.g. The child was named Tom.

主动语态变被动语态
两种语态结构对比（箭头表示动作方向）

主动语态 → → e.g. He wrote the letter.

被动语态 → → e.g. The letter was written by him.

主动句变被动句的基本步骤
把主动句的宾语作为被动句的主语
把主动句的谓语改为“be+该动词的过去分词”形式，做被动句的谓语，注意be要根据主语的人称、数和该句的时态要求保持一致
主动句的主语改为by的宾语，有时可省略“by+主语”

主动句变被动句的基本句式
主动句：主语+助动词（情态动词）+谓语+宾语
e.g. We will do that experiment next time.
被动句：主语（原宾语）+助动词（情态动词）+be+过去分词+by+原主语
e.g. That experiment will be done by us next time.
主动句：主语+短语动词+宾语
e.g. The nurse takes good care of us.
被动句：主语（原宾语）+be+短语动词的过去分词形式+by+原主语
e.g. We are taken good care of by the nurse.
主动句：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
e.g. We gave him some magazines.
被动句：主语(间接宾语)+be+过去分词+直接宾语\主语(直接宾语)+be+过去分词+to(for)+间接宾语 e.g. He was given some magazines (by us).\ Some magazines were given to him (by us).
【注】一般将主动句中表示人的间接宾语变为被动句的主语
主动句：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
e.g. They chose Tom captain.
被动句：主语（原宾语）+谓语+原宾语补足语
e.g. Tom was chosen captain.
【注】如主动句中宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变成被动语态后要加to
e.g. I saw him go to the church.
He was seen to go to the church.

被动语态的用法
英语中，何时情况下才使用被动语态的举例
不知道动作的执行者，只知道承受者的情况 e.g. Silk is produced in Suzhou.
不必说出动作的执行者的情况 e.g. Such books are written for children.

需要突出和强调动作的承受者的情况 e.g. She is liked by everyone.
【注】①不及物动词没有被动语态，如：happen，take，please，disappear等
e.g. 这件事发生在1989年。
（Wrong） This was happened in 1989.
（Right） This happened in 1989.
②有些动词，如：have，feel，hold，become，rise，look，sound，seem等只能着眼于表示状态而不强调动作，一般不用于被动语态中。
e.g. 树变绿了。
（Wrong）The trees have been become green.
（Right） The trees have become green.

被动语态和“连系动词+表语（过去分词）”的区别
被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表状态。前者可用by短语表示动作的执行者，后者则一般不用by短语。 比较：
This book was written last year. The glass was broken by my sister.
这本书是去年写的。（被动语态） 玻璃杯是我妹妹打破的。（被动语态）
This book was well written. The glass is broken.
这本书写得很好。（系表结构） 玻璃杯破了。（系表结构）

被动语态，即不知道动作执行者或强调动作承受者的一种语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。
英语被动语态的构成通常是：“Be+Passive”。但“Get+Passive”也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如： The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？
各种时态和句型如下：
　　①一般时（一般现在，一般过去，一般将来）：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done . 例如： Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为及物动词有“引起，产生”的含义，do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象，谓语应当用被动语态。同样的，还有，I will mend the machine.相当于The machine will be mended （by me）.
　　②进行时（现在进行、过去进行）：be+being+P.P. 例如：The classroom is being cleaned.
　　③ 完成时（现在完成、过去完成、将来完成）：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 o’clock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished.
　　④ 其他时态 以此类推，可得到结果。
　　⑤ 情态动词的被动语态：主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词，例如Your teeth must be brushed.
　　⑥ 不定式的被动语态：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人。）被动语态的用法

被动语态，即不知道动作执行者或强调动作承受者的一种语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。
英语被动语态的构成通常是：“Be+Passive”。但“Get+Passive”也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如： The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？
各种时态和句型如下：
　　①一般时（一般现在，一般过去，一般将来）：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done . 例如： Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：“环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为及物动词有“引起，产生”的含义，do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象，谓语应当用被动语态。同样的，还有，I will mend the machine.相当于The machine will be mended （by me）.
　　②进行时（现在进行、过去进行）：be+being+P.P. 例如：The classroom is being cleaned.
　　③ 完成时（现在完成、过去完成、将来完成）：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 o’clock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished.
　　④ 其他时态 以此类推，可得到结果。
　　⑤ 情态动词的被动语态：主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词，例如Your teeth must be brushed.
　　⑥ 不定式的被动语态：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人。）被动语态的用法　　1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
　　Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
　　I am asked to study hard.
　　Knives are used for cutting things.
　　2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
　　A new shop was built last year.
　　Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
　　3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
　　This book has been translated into many languages.
　　Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
　　4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
　　A new hospital will be built in our city.
　　Many more trees will be planted next year.
　　5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
　　Young trees must be watered often.
　　Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
　　The door may be locked inside.
　　Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
　　6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
　　Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
　　My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
　　They are planting trees over there. →
　　Trees are being planted over there by them.
　　7.不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
　　There are two books to be read. →
　　There are twenty more trees to be planted.
　　8.过去将来时的被动语态：would + be + 及物动词的过去分词
　　He said he would finish the work soon.
　　He said the work would be finished soon by him.
主动语态改被动语态　　把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：
　　1. 先找出谓语动词；
　　2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
　　3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；
　　4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
　　例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
　　2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
　　3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
　　4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
　　5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
　　6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.
使用被动语态的注意问题　　1.不及物动词无被动语态。
　　What will happen in 100 years.
　　The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
　　2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
　　This pen writes well.
　　This new book sells well.
　　3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 感官动词有smell,sound,taste,fell等。使役动词有let,make,have,help,hear,see,watch,notise,look,listen.
　　例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
　　see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
　　A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
　　The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
　　His mother gave him a present for his birthday.→ He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
　　4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
　　He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
　　He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
　　My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
　　5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
　　We can't laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
　　He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
　　The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
　　6.宾语补足语的被动语态
　　They call him Bob./He is called Bob.　
　　7.谓语补助语态
　　He is a bad boy。