轴瓦的材料是什么?

2025-04-06 04:59:42
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

轴瓦材料的基本要求是: 1)足够的抗压强度和疲劳强度; 2)低摩擦系数,良好的耐磨性,抗胶合性,跑合性,嵌藏性和顺应性; 3)热膨胀系数小,良好的导热性和润滑性能以及耐腐蚀性; 4)良好的工艺性。 常用的轴瓦材料有: 1、轴承合金 又称巴氏合金或白合金,其金相组织是在锡或铅的软基体中夹着锑、铜和硷土金属等硬合金颗粒。它的减摩性能最好,很容易和轴颈饱合。具有良好的抗胶合性和耐腐蚀性,但它的弹性模量和弹性极限都很低,机械强度比青铜、铸铁等低很多,一般只用作轴承衬的材料,锡基合金的热膨胀性质比铝基合金好,更适用于高速轴承。 2、铜合金 有锡青铜、铝青铜和铅青铜三种。青铜有很好的疲劳强度,耐容性和减摩性均很好,工作温度可高达250C℃。但可塑性差,不易跑合,与之相配的轴颈必须淬硬。适用于中速重载,低速重载的轴承。 3、粉末冶金 将不同的金属粉末经压制烧结而成的多孔结构材料,称为粉末冶金材料,其孔隙约占体积的10~35%,可贮存润滑油,故又称为含油轴承。运转时,轴瓦温度升高,因油的膨胀系数比金属大,从而自动进入摩擦表面润滑轴承。停车时,因毛细管作用润滑油又被吸回孔隙中。含油轴承加一次油便可工作较长时间,若能定期加油,则效果更好。但由于它韧性差,宜用于载荷平稳、低速和加油不方便的场合。 4、非金属材料 非金属轴瓦材料以塑料用得最多,其优点是摩擦系数小,可承受冲击载荷,可塑性、跑合性良好,耐磨、耐腐蚀,可用水、油及化学溶液润滑。但它的导热性差(只有青铜的1/2000~1/5000),耐热性低(120~150°C 时焦化),膨胀系数大,易变形。为改善此缺陷,可将薄层塑料作为轴承衬粘附在金属轴瓦上使用。塑料轴承一般用于温度不高,载荷不大的场合。1 常用轴承材料的性能及用途材料 牌号 [p]/MPa [v]/(m/s)[pv]/(MPa.m/s) 轴颈硬度 /HBS 备注 耐磨铸铁 HT300 0.1~6.0 3~0.75 0.3~0.4 <150 用于低速、轻载的不重要轴承 灰铸铁HT150~250 1~4 2~0.5 -   -  铸造青铜   ZCuSn10P1 15 10 15 300~400磷锡青铜,用于重载,中速高温及冲击条件下工作的轴承。 CuPb5Sn5Zn5 8 3 15 锡锌铅青铜,用于中载、中速工作的轴承,起重机轴承及机床的一般主轴轴承 ZCuAl10Fe3 15 4 12 300铝铁青铜,用于受冲击载荷处,轴承温度可至300℃。轴颈需淬火 ZCuPb30 25 12 30   300 铅青铜、烧注在钢轴瓦上做轴衬,可受很大的冲击载荷,也适用于精密机床主轴轴承 铸锌铝合金 ZZnAl10-5 20 9 16   100   用于750kW以下的减速器,各种轧钢机辊轴承,工作温度低于80℃。 铸锡基轴承合金 ZSnSb11Cu6 25(平稳) 80 20 150 用做轴承衬,用于重载高速,温度低于110℃的重要轴承,如汽轮机,大于750kW 的电动机,内燃机,高转速的机床主轴的轴承等 20(冲击) 60 15 铸铅基轴承合金 ZPbSb16Sn16Cu2 15 12 10 150 用于不剧变的重载,高速的轴承,如车床,发电机,压缩机,轧钢机等的轴承,温度低于120℃ ZPbSb15Sn5Cu3 5 8 5 150 用于冲击载荷 或稳定载荷 下工作的轴承。如汽轮机,中等功率的电动机,拖拉机,发动机,空压机的轴承

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